I’m thrilled to commit some of my own mischief to this
faction. My research on interest group
involvement in American politics is directly relevant to the topics discussed
here and when I speak to students and groups about these topics, I generally
find a great deal of misunderstanding and false memes in the area of group
influence in American elections and legislative politics. The purpose of my
first post here is to recognize the recent trends in campaign finance and the
increase in participation in this game by outside groups, and to question how,
or whether, it matters.
In blogs, as in all things in life, it’s better to tell
stories with pictures, so I’ll start by putting some campaign finance data into
perspective with the following graphs.
First, if we look only at money donated to candidates, and
their various supporting fundraising committees, over time, we can see that
recent campaigns have become much more expensive than in the past (data
compiled by author from Center for
Responsive Politics and adjusted for inflation, reported as millions of
2008 dollars).
In addition, what gets the ire of many people is the
increase in outside expenditures in recent years. Since the 2010 Supreme Court decision known
as Citizens United vs. FEC, and the
follow-up Federal Appeals Court ruling in Speechnow
v. FEC, the landscape that regulates campaign spending by people, groups,
unions, and corporations not coordinated with a campaign has completely opened
up. Prior to these court decisions,
corporations and unions could only contribute to electioneering through PACs,
which have limited impact (despite their demonization), especially in the post
McCain-Feingold (BCRA) era. Now,
corporations, unions, and anyone else claiming to be a “group” (read:
Madisonian “faction”) has the protection of First Amendment free speech rights
and can campaign in an unlimited way, for or against candidates, parties, or
whatnot. The caveat is that their
efforts cannot be coordinated with candidates’ campaigns, or else they’ll be
considered a campaign donation which has strict limitations. (But see the Colbert-Stewart
farce on this topic which seriously questions the reality of being
uncoordinated.) See the next graph for
perspective on the increase in expenditures by outside groups.
The pace of increased expenditures by outside groups is
impressive. It’s possible that outside
groups will spend as much on electioneering in 2012 as candidates will (but maybe
not—as we’ve seen, candidates can spend a lot).
If you add in all the money spent in congressional elections
and so forth, Americans are spending quite a lot of money on campaigning. For many, it’s not the actual amount that is
alarming, but the rate of increase from election to election. If we look at total spending on the last
three presidential elections (below) we can see that the rate of increase is
impressive. However, some perspective
might be helpful here. Even if we spend
about $6 billion on total election expenditures this year, it will equal the
amount Americans spend on Halloween, Christmas decorations, fast food, and
laundry detergent.
So perhaps whether these things are a lot of money is in the
eye of the beholder. Certainly as a
percentage of the federal budget, or of GDP, $6 billion is a drop in the bucket
(literally < 1%).
But even if $6 billion is a lot of money, the question still
remains, does it matter? There has been
much lamenting about the price of campaigns and the over-reach of outside
groups. However, if the objective of
elections is to determine a winner, and the concern is that the high price tag
or the increased participation by non-candidate, non-party spenders may unduly influence
the process, the alarms may be falsely rung.
Political science has repeatedly shown that elections, especially
presidential elections, are not typically decided on campaigns. Campaigning may help voters focus their
attention (see
this), be persuasive in some cases (see
this), and help deliver successful message (see this). Frequently,
macro-economic trends are the best predictors of presidential elections. History tells us that all that money spent by
outsiders may not affect the outcome of the election—because campaigns
(generally) don’t matter (see political science research here,
here,
and here, for example).
Even if the high-level of spending doesn’t affect the
election outcome, there may be other reasons to be concerned about election spending,
or the imbalance in the sources of election financiers. This shall be the topic of another post.
To sum up, the pace of spending on elections has increased
in recent years and the total sum of spending on campaigning, to some, is
alarmingly high. Recent legal shifts
have opened the door for outside groups to engage in unlimited “uncoordinated”
spending on campaigns, but all this money may only contribute to election
outcomes under specific circumstances. Typically, the rate of change in third
quarter GDP or unemployment are likely to be much better predictors of the
election outcome than any amount spent by any group on campaigning.
How much scholarship is there on the impact of campaign spending on election results?
ReplyDeleteHow about the Walker election? To what extent is the statement that Walker bought his victory a true or untrue statement?
Surely all that money and advertising has some effect. How do we know how big it is?
Swain, see this post.
ReplyDeleteNice! Thank you.
DeleteInteresting post, and a good counter to liberal opinion purveyors who worry that Obama is destined to lose because of Citizens United. However, in focusing on presidential general elections, you've chosen the easiest case to make your argument. Sure, the macroeconomy and other non-campaign factors decide general elections -- but what about nomination contests? What about state and local-level races? It's not difficult to hypothesize how a massive influx of independent spending could winnow the universe of potentially viable candidates, and also directly affect the outcomes.
ReplyDeleteAdam, I agree. If campaigning affects election outcomes, it is more likely to do so in local races, where mobilization or advertising can affect the themes of a discourse during an election. We don't have great data (yet) but so far I have seen much evidence of outside groups spending a lot of money on nomination processes and local races. Evidence on this may be changing and I suspect that after this election we'll start to get a better picture. We'll need more "sunshine" laws that promote transparency and reporting if we're really going to unravel these relationships.
DeleteCORRECTION: ^ "(yet), but so far I have NOT seen..."
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